What is this “Affordable Care Act” of which you speak? It’s a controversial 900-plus-page federal law (officially the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act) that was signed by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. It makes some sweeping changes to health care, like requiring almost all Americans to have health insurance. Some people say it goes too far. Others say it doesn’t go far enough.

Why is the ACA also known as Obamacare? Opponents came up with that name back in 2007 as a dig at Obama. It stuck.

This is universal health care, right? No. In places with universal health care (we’re looking at you, Canada), the government pays for medical care. The ACA, on the other hand, requires that people pay for their own care by buying insurance. The ACA did expand government coverage — Medicaid — to some people, but the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states didn’t have to accept that expansion. So many states, including Maine, didn’t.

So I have to have health insurance now? Yes, that started in 2014, unless you are both very poor (under the federal poverty level) and live in a state that didn’t expand Medicaid (like Maine). You can also get an exemption to the penalty if:

* Your religion prevents you from accepting insurance benefits

* You’re part of a health care sharing ministry

* You are an Alaska Native shareholder or a member of a federally recognized Indian tribe

* You lack insurance for less than three months in a row

* You have suffered a certified hardship

* You can’t afford coverage because you’d have to pay more than 8 percent of your household income for coverage

* You’re behind bars

* You are not a U.S. citizen, a U.S. national or an alien lawfully present in the U.S.

OK, so I’m not on that list. What if I don’t get insurance? If you didn’t have it in 2014 and you were supposed to, you’ll pay a penalty come tax time in April. The IRS is in charge of that. In 2015, the penalty gets bigger.

How much is the penalty? In 2014, it’s either 1 percent of your annual household income or $95 per adult for the year/$47.50 per child, whichever is higher. (FYI: To calculate 1 percent of your household income, the IRS uses only the amount above its tax filing threshold. So for a single person, for example, the first $10,000 or so doesn’t count.)

Note the “whichever is higher” part. If you make $35,000 a year, you’ll owe about $250 in penalty, not $95.

For 2015, the penalty is either 2 percent of your annual household income or $325 per adult/$162.50 per child, whichever is higher. Again, that 2 percent is only on the amount above the tax filing threshold.

The penalty will go up again in 2016.

But what if I only went without insurance for a month (or, um, two)? Short gaps of three months or fewer are penalty free. Woo! However, those months must be consecutive. In other words, if you have more than one gap in a year — say, you didn’t have insurance between May and July and then again between October and December — only the first one is exempt. So there’s no penalty the first time, but you’ll have to pay the second.

(FYI: Penalties are based on how many months you’re without insurance. So if your penalty was $95 for the year but you were only without insurance for half the year, you’d pay half that penalty.)

I bought my insurance this past spring. That means I don’t have to shop around again until next spring, right? Right? Wrong. All individual health insurance ends Dec. 31 no matter when or where you bought it. If you want insurance in 2015, you have until Feb. 15 to sign up.

(FYI: It takes time for paperwork to be processed, so don’t expect insurance to kick in the moment you sign up. If you’re buying from the marketplace and need your insurance to start on the first of next month, you must sign up by the 15th of this month. If you’re not buying through the marketplace, check with your insurance carrier. It may have a different start date.)

Can I sign up for insurance whenever I want? No. Open enrollment runs only through Feb. 15, 2015. Unless you are a tribal member or an Alaska Native shareholder, or you experience a certain life-changing event (marriage, adoption, job loss, etc.), open enrollment is the only time you can get health insurance for 2015. It doesn’t matter how or where you buy it, Feb. 15 is your deadline. If you qualify, you can sign up for Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) at any time.

Enrolling was a nightmare last year! Do I have to re-enroll all over again? No. Your insurance will automatically renew if you do nothing. However, experts strongly — Very. Strongly. — advise people to review their medical needs, financial situation and insurance options. That’s because your insurance plan might have changed. Or you might qualify for a larger subsidy. Or maybe you’re in a plan that worked well this past year but isn’t what you need now.

(FYI: Some people who signed up through the marketplace did not check the box that allowed the federal government to automatically access their tax records every year. If you’re one of them, you must go back to the marketplace now to update your financial information. If you don’t, you’ll either lose your subsidy or lose your insurance.)

But . . . nightmare. I just don’t want to go through that sign-up mess again! People who have used the marketplace this year say it’s working better and is easier to navigate. New sign-ups that took five or six hours to complete last year are taking an hour or so now. Renewals can take just 30 minutes since last year’s information is already filled in and only needs to be reviewed and updated.

Hey! I just logged on to Healthcare.gov and discovered I was already re-enrolled in my marketplace plan. What gives? I wanted to pick a different plan. If you didn’t go to the marketplace and choose a new plan by Dec. 15, you were automatically renewed. (That way you’d have coverage come Jan. 1.) If you don’t like that plan, you don’t have to keep it. You have until Feb. 15 to pick something else.

Is this all going to be moot? I heard something about the U.S. Supreme Court. In 2015 the U.S. Supreme Court is expected to decide whether federal subsidies apply only in states that set up their own insurance marketplaces or whether they can also be used in states that use the federal marketplace, as they are now. Just over half of all states, including Maine, use the federal marketplace.

The court’s decision has the potential to dramatically affect subsidies — as in, kill them in most states — but no one knows how the Supreme Court will rule. And if that happens, there are possible fixes, including a tweak to the ACA’s language or a change in states’ relationship to the federal marketplace.

You can hold off getting insurance to see how the Supreme Court rules, but it’s not expected to hear arguments until March and won’t make a decision until summer, well after open enrollment and halfway through the year. If you gamble that the law is going to fall apart and it doesn’t, you won’t be able to get insurance and you’ll be on the hook for hundreds of dollars in penalty.

If you get a subsidy, experts say you shouldn’t worry about being forced to pay it back because the court’s decision cannot be made retroactive. However, it is possible you could lose your subsidy if the court rules against the federal marketplace — and losing your subsidy could mean losing your insurance, unless you can pay the whole cost on your own.

Wait, a subsidy? If you can’t get affordable health insurance through your job and you earn between 100 percent and 400 percent of the federal poverty level, you can get money from the feds to help pay for insurance. If you’re between 100 percent and 250 percent of the federal poverty level, you can also get a discount on your out-of-pocket health care expenses. This will all be on a sliding scale — the less you earn, the bigger your subsidy.

What’s the federal poverty level? Right now it’s $11,670 a year for one person (modified adjusted gross income). For a family of four, $23,850.

ACA 201 Online: A one-year checkup on how the ACA is doing in Maine and a subsidy calculator can be found at SunJournal.com/ACA201

Profiles of Mainers who bought health insurance through the ACA marketplace:

• Sherri Tripp: ‘I think it’s wonderful’
• Blake Pooler: Finally insured, for $160 a month
• $22 a month: ‘I am totally flabbergasted’
• Business owner: ACA offered another option

You’ve seen how the Affordable Care Act affected other Mainers in 2014. How about you? Good, bad or neutral — share your ACA stories

Resources:

• Where to get help
• Tips, hints and other things you need to know
• Get insurance: The step-by-step
• Answers to frequently asked questions
• Know the lingo
• ACA by the numbers

Affordable Care Act 101: We break down the ACA, what it does and what it requires you to do.

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